OMEGA
7
[REF: binder part 7 ]
U.S. Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington D.C. 20535
October 29, 1993
OMEGA SEVEN (7)
Omega
7,
a violent Miami, Florida-based anti-Castro Cuban terrorist
group,
was
formed on September 11, 1974, by Eduardo Arocena. The
name Omega
7
comes from the fact that there were seven original members
from
different
anti-Castro Cuban factions. The number of individuals
actively
participating
in this group was believed to be less than 20 members.
However,
Omega
7 was condoned and supported by the Cuban Nationalist
Movement (CNM),
whose
membership and resources were considerably larger. The
CNM, a
violent
anti-Castro Cuban exile group, was founded in 1960.
However,
pressure
on the CNM as a result of the September 21, 1976, car-bomb
assassination
of the former Chilean Ambassador Orlando Letelier, and the
arrest of
Armando
Santana, its leader in the late 1970s, essentially destroyed
the group.
The
main
areas of operation for the Omega 7 were the New York, New
Jersey, and
Miami,
Florida, areas. Its primary targets were
representatives of the
Cuban
Government or any individual, organization, facility, or
business that
dealt
with or supported in any way, the communist government of
Fidel
Castro.
The majority of Omega 7 attacks were bombings, shootings,
and
assassinations.
Its terrorist attacks were usually well-planned and
flawlessly
executed.
Many of the Omega 7 members were veterans of the Bay of Pigs
invasion
who
were trained in demolition, intelligence, and commando
techniques.
Their expertise, combined with the financial resources
available to
them
through the exiled Cuban community, gave the Omega 7 an
almost
unlimited
potential for terrorist activity.
In
1983,
Arocena was arrested and prosecuted on 42 counts of
violating Federal
statutes
pertaining to conspiracy, explosives, firearms, destruction
of foreign
government
property within the United States, and destruction of
property in
interstate
and foreign commerce. Several Omega 7 members
were
prosecuted
during 1984, for refusing to testify before a Federal Grand
Jury.
During
1986, three of its members pled guilty to conspiracy to
destroy
property
of a foreign government. There have been no Omega 7
attacks since
1983.
OMEGA 7 BACKGROUND AND THE FBI INVESTIGATION
Omega
7
developed out of the Cuban anti-Castro community in Newark,
New
Jersey.
Like potential future violent anti-Castro groups, Omega 7
was composed
of
militant members of established organizations who wanted
immediate
action
against the Government of Cuba. During late 1974,
Eduardo
Arocena,
founder and leader of the group, recruited members of the
Movimiento
Insurreccional
Martiano (MIM) to form the nucleus of Omega 7. The
MIM, which is
named
after the 19th Century Cuban writer-politician Jose Marti,
was
organized
after a split occurred within the anti-Castro group
Insurrectional
Movement
for Revolutionary Recovery (MIRR) during the late
1960s. Arocena
also
began to contact members of the Cuban Nationalist Movement
(CNM).
The
cnm had been active in the United States since 1959 and had
conducted
several
bombings and terrorist attacks during the 1960s. For
instance, in
1964,
Guillermo and Ignacio Novo, members of the CNM, fired a
bazooka at the
United
Nations building while hero of the Cuban revolution, Ernesto
"Che"
Guevara,
was delivering a speech. The shop fell short of the
United
Nations,
landing in the East River almost hitting a freighter.
After
Omega
7 was formed, it remained independent of both the CNM and
MIM,
although
individuals from the three different groups continued to
associate with
each
other. According to Arocena, Guillermo Novo, leader of
the CNM
during
the mid-1970s, knew that Arocena and others were members of
Omega 7;
however,
in an effort to confuse law enforcement authorities, the CNM
claimed
that
it was Omega 7. These coordinated deception efforts
were
effective.
From 1975 until early 1981, it was generally believed that
the CNM was
Omega
7. It wasn't until after investigations linked
the CNM to
the
September, 1976, car bombing which killed former Chilean
Ambassador to
the
United States Orlando Letelier and his associate Ronni
Moffet that it
was
determined that Omega 7 and the CNM were separated
organizations.
Pressure
on the CNM as a result of the Letelier investigation and the
arrest of
Armando
Santana, its leader in the late 1970s essentially destroyed
the
group.
Currently, Virgilio Paz and Dionisio Suarez, CNM members who
were also
known
to be associated with Omega 7, remain FBI fugitives for
their roles in
the
Letelier assassination.
THE FBI INVESTIGATION
During
December,
1980, shortly after a bombing at the Cuban consulate in
Montreal,
Canada, Pedro Remon and Ramon Sanchez were stopped by U.S.
immigration
and
Naturalization Service (INS) officials when they attempted
to run the
border
back into the United States. Their identities were
determined and
they
were released by INS. The information obtained by INS
was
forwarded
to the FBI and the Omega 7 investigation began to focus on
their
activities
and those of their associates Eduardo Arocena, Andres Garcia
and
Eduardo
Fernandez Losada. All these suspects were from the
Newark, New
Jersey
area with the exception of Sanchez, who was known as a
staunch
anti-Castro
activist from Miami, Florida, who had a previously proven
propensity
for
violence.
Investigation
into
Pedro Remon's background indicated that he was in frequent
telephonic
contact with Eduardo Arocena, with many of the telephone
calls
occurring
around the times of Omega 7 crimes. Moreover, record
checks and
interviews
at car rental agencies disclosed that Arocena and Remon had
rented cars
at
Newark International Airport shortly before several Omega 7
crimes.
Comparison with New York City Police Department records
revealed that
one
of Arocena's rental cars received a parking ticket across
the street
from
the Cuban Mission to the United Nations (CMUN) in New York
on the day
Omega
7 assassinated Cuban diplomat Felix Garcia Rodriguez.
Subpoenaed
records
turned up a copy of Arocena's canceled check paying the
parking ticket.
FBI
investigation
into the activities of the suspects led to grand jury
proceedings in
the
Southern District of New York. On September 2, 1982,
Arocena and
other
suspected Omega 7 members were subpoenaed to appear and
testify before
the
grand jury. All the suspects except Arocena asserted
their Fifth
Amendment
privilege against self-incrimination. Arocena,
although advised
of
his status as a subject in the investigation, testified and
insisted
that
he had no connection to Omega 7, that he had no idea how
Omega 7 raised
funds,
and that he knew nothing about Omega 7 other than what he
read in the
newspaper.
Following
his
grand jury appearance, Arocena gave fingerprints and
handwriting
exemplars.
While doing this, he was urged to cooperate with the
government.
Arocena
said he would think about it and, after several additional
contacts,
agreed
to meet on September 24, 1982. After some initial
discussion in
which
Arocena claimed that he "represented Omar," the leader of
Omega 7,
Arocena
finally admitted he was Omar.
While
cooperating,
Arocena provided the first solid insights into Omega 7 and
details
on the numerous bombings and two murders committed by the
group.
After
cooperating for 5 days, and traveling from New York to
Miami, Florida
in
an attempt to locate over 600 pounds of explosives to which
Pedro Remon
allegedly
had access Arocena failed to attend several scheduled
meetings with the
FBI.
On October 1, 1982, Arocena telephoned Agents and said that
he had gone
into
hiding. He remained a fugitive until his arrest in
Miami on July
22,
1983.
OMEGA 7 ACTIONS
The
two
murders committed by Omega 7 were the assassinations of
Eulalio Jose
Negrin,
a pro-Castro Cuban activist in Union City, New Jersey
and Felix
Garcia
Rodriguez, a Cuban diplomat assigned to the CMUN.
Arocena, while
cooperating,
identified Pedro Remon as the trigger man in both of the
assassinations.
Negrin, who was shot in front of his son on November 25,
1979, was
killed
because of his pro-Castro activities. Garcia, killed
on September
11,
1980, the sixth anniversary of the founding of Omega 7, was
shot with
the
same weapons as Negrin, a MAC 10 machine gun. He was
assassinated
because
he was a Cuban official and represented a target of
opportunity.
Arocena
had originally planned to have four Cuban officials killed
on September
11,
1980, however this plan was aborted when Omega 7 members
following the
Cuban
officials lost them in heavy traffic.
Arocena,
while
cooperating, also provided information on the Omega 7
attempts to
assassinate
Raul Roa-Kouri, Cuban ambassador to the United Nations, and
Ramon
Sanchez
Parodi, Chief, Cuban Interests Section (CUBIS), Washington,
D.C.,
during
1980. The Roa-Kouri attempt was conducted on March 25,
1980 when
Pedro
Remon placed a bomb with a radio controlled firing system on
the gas
tank
of Roa Kouri's car. The firing system for this bomb
had
originally
been assembled for use in a bomb intended to assassinate
Fidel Castro
in
October, 1979 when he attended a session of the United
Nations.
However,
this attempt was aborted because Arocena was not able to
have the bomb
placed
close enough to Castro. Arocena subsequently
disassembled the
bomb
and retained it for future use.
In
the
Roa-Kouri assassination attempt, the bomb, with the same
radio
controlled
firing system used in the aborted attempt on Castro, was
attached to
the
gas tank of the car by magnets; however, it fell off and was
discovered
after
the chauffeur accidentally backed into another vehicle while
parking.
Arocena, who had the responsibility of detonating the bomb
by remote
control,
called off the attack after the bomb fell off the car
because of a
large
number of school children in the area.
The
assassination
attempt on Sanchez Parodi was to be conducted during late
September,
1980
but was cancelled after Remon and Eduardo Losada Fernandez
were
arrested
in Belleville, New Jersey on September 24, 1982, while
attempting to
steal
a car. Remon and Losada were going to use the stolen
car to drive
to
Washington, D.C. to bomb CUBIS in an attempt to kill Sanchez
Parodi.
In
addition
to providing information on the assassinations and attempted
assassinations,
Arocena provided the FBI with details on how he constructed
bombs used
in
most of the Omega 7 operations and information on a split in
the
organization
which occurred during late 1980. Arocena stated that
he
personally
constructed most of the explosive devices used by Omega
7. The
bombs
usually consisted of either Gelodyne, dynamite or military
C-4 and were
constructed
using detonating cord as a booster. Arocena, who
received his
training
in explosives from Cuba exiles who had been trained by the
CIA, would
prime
the detonation cord with the blasting cap, knot the
detonation cord on
the
other end and place the knot into the main explosive
charge. This
was
done because some commercial blasting caps are not powerful
enough to
detonate
certain types of explosives, especially C-4. (Appendix
2 contains
a
list of Omega 7 actions.)
While
cooperating
with the FBI, Arocena acknowledged that early 1981 an
ideological
split took place in Omega 7. According to Arocena,
Omega 7
members
Pedro Remon, Eduardo Ochoa, Ramon Sanchez, Alberto Perez and
Jose
Gracia,
Jr. were aligning themselves with the philosophy of Huber
Matos (supra)
and
his group CID. Arocena considered Matos an opportunist
with
socialist
and communist tendencies. He did not want Omega 7
members
associated
with his philosophy or organization; consequently, a split
took place.
In
addition
to philosophical differences within Omega 7, it appears that
in late
1980,
Pedro Remon and Ramon Sanchez may have been attempting to
take control
of
the group from Arocena. The fight for control of Omega
7 and the
philosophical
differences between Arocena and Remon led to a permanent
split in early
1981.
Arocena, and Remon led to a permanent split in early
1981.
Arocena,
who had moved to Miami, Florida in the fall of 1980,
completely ended
his
relationship with Remon and the other Omega 7 members and
began
recruiting
new members for the group in Miami. Some of these new
recruits
were
Ernesto Gomez, Gerardo Necuze, Ignacio Gonzalez and Justo M.
Rodriguez.
Remon, Sanchez, Garcia, Losada and Ochoa remained together
and bombed
the
Cuban Consulate in Montreal, Canada in December, 1980.
As
previously
stated, it was after this bombing that Remon and Sanchez
were stopped
by
INS officials and FBI investigations began to focus on their
activities.
A
full
understanding and conclusive identification of Omega 7
members did not
take
place until Arocena began cooperating with the FBI in
September,
1982.
Although his cooperation only lasted five days, after which
he fled and
resumed
bombing attacks in Miami, he provided the FBI with a general
understanding
of the past activities and objectives of the
organization. The
information
Arocena provided directly implicated himself and other
members of Omega
7
in the numerous bombings and two murders. Although it
remains
unclear,
it is believed Arocena cooperated because he believed Remon
and other
Omega
7 members were cooperating with the grand jury and
implicating him in
the
murders of Negrin and Garcia and the Omega 7 bombings.
Arocena
also
apparently believed that Guillermo Novo (supra), who was
involved in
the
Letelier assassination in 1976, had identified him as the
leader of
Omega
7 to law enforcement authorities as early as 1979.
PERCEPTIONS AND FUNDING OF OMEGA 7
ANTI-CASTRO
ACTIVITY
BY THE CUBAN EXILE COMMUNITY
While
Omega
7 was active, a significant portion of the Cuban exile
community
viewed
the attacks against Cuban officials and Castro supporters in
the United
States
as a continuation of the patriotic fight against
communism. Omega
7
members considered themselves liberators of the Cuban people
and vowed
to
continue their fight until Cuba was free of Castro and
communism.
Elements
within the exile community provided Omega 7 with support by
contributing
money for operations or merely denying knowledge of Omega 7
activities.
The support usually came about either out of sympathy or
fear of
reprisal.
For instance, individuals who were believed to be in contact
with Omega
7
members would often intentionally supply misleading or
incorrect
information
when interviewed by the FBI. Even when confronted with
documentation
such as surveillance logs and photographs placing them in
contact with
Omega
7 suspects, the individuals being interviewed would disclaim
association.
This type of support provided Omega 7 with a secure base of
operation
which
was difficult for law enforcement personnel to penetrate.
Although
current
information is incomplete, it appears that some Cuban exile
businessmen
in the Union City, New Jersey, area clandestinely funded
Omega 7 and
other
Cuban anti-Castro groups. The businessmen established
a network
which
would collect money in the form of "taxes" from all segments
of the
Cuban
community who were able to contribute and then divide the
money between
the
various groups they supported. The businessmen would
not
necessarily
sanction or direct specific anti-Castro activities; however,
their
ability
to provide financial support probably gave them, at a
minimum, indirect
control
over the various groups. Current reporting, although
fragmented,
suggests
that the businessmen, who may still be active in funding
anti-Castro
groups,
were involved in the flow of over $100,000 to the various
groups.
PERCEPTIONS OF OMEGA 7 BY THE GOVERNMENT OF CUBA
In
contrast
to being viewed as freedom fighters against the tyranny of
Cuban
communism
by the exile community, the GOC identified Omega 7 as its
number one
enemy
in the United States, and in so doing enhanced the status of
the group
within
the exile community. The GOC has historically
considered its
principal
target in the United States to be the anti-Castro
groups.
The
Cuban intelligence services (CuIS) actively direct assets in
the United
States
to report on the plans, objectives, goals, and personnel of
the various
anti-Castro
groups. CuIS have also been known to use their assets
in the
United
States to attempt to confuse and fragment the exile
community. In
1981,
for instance, when Huber Matos' group CID was gaining power
and support
within
the exile community, CuIS was gaining power and support
within the
exile
community, CuIS contacted one of their assets and had him
print
leaflets
sharply critical of the CID. The leaflets were
fraudulently
signed
by another exile group, the Junta Patriotica Cubana
(JPC).
The
CuIS objective in this operation was to cause a
confrontation between
the
JPC and CID, thereby disrupting the entire Cuban exile
community.
Although
the
CuIS were and continue to be able to successfully penetrate
most of
the
anti-Castro groups, they never penetrated Omega 7. The
GOC had a
justifiable
fear of Omega 7 because of the six bombings against the CMUN
between
1976
and 1979, the assassination of Garcia and attempted
assassinations of
Roa-Kouri
and Sanchez Parodi. Reports indicate that even though
Omega 7 is
no
longer active, GOC officials in the United States continue
of take
extraordinary
measures to protect themselves from attack. For
instance, Cuban
officials
are usually armed when outside establishments and rarely
travel
alone.
Generally, they socialize only among themselves and are
highly
suspicious
of individuals who are not known to them or their
associates.
OMEGA 7 INVOLVEMENT WITH NARCOTICS TRAFFICKERS
In
addition
to receiving support from the exile community, Arocena and
Omega 7
apparently
obtained some of their operating funds by performing
collection
functions
for a narcotics trafficker. Beginning in late 1981,
after Arocena
had
split with Remon and moved to Miami, Florida, he came in
contact with
Manuel
Fernandez, a major marijuana trafficker. Fernandez
provided
Arocena
with $50,000 and instructed him to collect money owed to him
by Cuban
exiles
and South American narcotics users and traffickers.
According to
Fernandez,
his agreement with Arocena was that Omega 7 would receive
approximately
35
percent of the money they collected.
In
addition
to using Arocena to collect money owed him, Fernandez
instructed
Arocena
to kill Luis Fuentes, a drug associate who had shot and
robbed him, in
May,
1981, of 40,000 pounds of marijuana worth about $8
million. When
Arocena
thought he had located Fuentes, he provided Fernandez with
surveillance
photographs.
After examining the photos, Fernandez told Arocena that
although the
person
in the photos resembled Fuentes, it was not Fuentes.
Arocena
continued
to look for Fuentes but Fernandez eventually learned that
Fuentes was
in
jail, so the murder contract was canceled.
After
Arocena's
arrest, a list from Fernandez identifying Cuban exiles who
owed
him money was found among Arocena's possessions. The
total amount
of
money Fernandez had outstanding, according to the list, was
$6,000,000.
Also found with the list were surveillance notes and
photographs
indicating
that Arocena and other members of Omega 7 had collected
information on
various
individuals on the list. According to testimony by
Fernandez and
his
associate, Maximiliano Lora, Arocena and Omega7 ultimately
received a
total
of $150,000 for their services although Arocena never turned
over any
"collection"
money to Fernandez. Arocena did, however, sell two
used but
functioning
MAC 10 machine guns with silencers to Fernandez.
Although Arocena
and
other Omega 7 members were involved with Fernandez, no
information has
been
developed indicating that Arocena or Omega 7 members used
narcotics.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE SUCCESS OF OMEGA 7
Review
of
the available information on Omega 7 suggests that the
organization
was
able to successfully conduct anti-Castro terrorist attacks
over an
eight-year
period because: it was a small, tightly knit group of
dedicated
anti-Castro
fanatics, most of whom were unknown to law enforcement
authorities;
and,
it received financial support and some cooperation, at a
minimum,
silent
approval which could be construed as tacit approval, from
some elements
of
the Cuban exile community in the United States. In
addition, the
late
1980 split between Arocena and Remon and the creation of an
entirely
new
group after Arocena moved to Miami, Florida, further
hampered
investigations.
As has
been
discussed, most of the original Omega 7 members were
recruited from the
active
anti-Castro organizations in the Neward, New Jersey,
area. They
were
supported both financially and morally by segments of the
Cuban exile
community
in the United States and considered themselves to be
fighting for in
freedom
and liberty of the Cuban people. There are also
indications that
some
Omega 7 members, particularly Arocena, may have believed
they had the
implicit
support of the U.S. Government in their fight against
Castro.
Reports
indicate that some exiles who received explosive training
from the CIA
provided
training to Arocena and other members of the anti-Castro
community.
Consequently, Arocena or other members of the anti-Castro
community may
have
construed prior U.S. Government support for operations
against Cuba
tacit
approval for future anti Castro operations. Although
there is no
firm
evidence to support this hypothesis, Arocena's initial
defense during
this
trial was that he was working as a U.S. Government agent.
End of Page
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